Q: Is there a way to default a problem as "Acute" when adding it to the problem list, without editing it?

Yes, it can be set in favorites. Check the SSMT category "favorites: patient hx - active problems". Column (H) sets these defaults.

OR

This can be done for the user favorites or for the master favorites by going to the Phys Admin > Patient History Favorites > Master or Personal Favorites > find the problem that needs the default changed > click 'Type'